The engine system mainly consists of fuel supply and speed control system, intake and exhaust system, lubrication system, cooling system, starting and charging system, etc.

（1）燃油供給與調(diào)速系統(tǒng) 燃油供給系統(tǒng)主要由輸油泵、燃油濾清器、燃油冷卻器、噴油泵和噴油器等部件組成。它的功用是：根據(jù)柴油機(jī)工況要求，定時(shí)、定量、定壓地將柴油噴入燃燒室內(nèi)。同時(shí)，通過噴油泵及調(diào)速器的作用，以控制柴油機(jī)在給定的工況下穩(wěn)定運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 常用的燃油供給與調(diào)速系統(tǒng)主要有柱塞式噴油泵燃油供給與調(diào)速系統(tǒng)，PT燃油供給與調(diào)速系統(tǒng)，電控噴射（包括高壓共軌）燃油供給與調(diào)速系統(tǒng)等。

(1) The fuel supply and speed control system is mainly composed of components such as the fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel cooler, fuel injection pump, and fuel injector. Its function is to inject diesel into the combustion chamber at a fixed time, quantity, and pressure according to the operating conditions of the diesel engine. At the same time, the diesel engine is controlled to operate stably under given operating conditions through the action of the fuel injection pump and governor. The commonly used fuel supply and speed regulation systems mainly include plunger type fuel injection pump fuel supply and speed regulation system, PT fuel supply and speed regulation system, electronic control injection (including high-pressure common rail) fuel supply and speed regulation system, etc.

（2）進(jìn)排氣系統(tǒng) 柴油機(jī)的進(jìn)排氣系統(tǒng)主要由空氣濾清器、進(jìn)排氣管、消聲器以及增壓系統(tǒng)組成。

(2) The intake and exhaust system of a diesel engine mainly consists of an air filter, intake and exhaust pipes, a muffler, and a turbocharging system.

（3）潤滑系統(tǒng) 潤滑系統(tǒng)的功用是向柴油機(jī)各摩擦表面提供充足的機(jī)油，以減少其磨損，保證其正常工作。同時(shí)還具有散熱、清潔、密封和防蝕等作用。潤滑系統(tǒng)主要由機(jī)油泵、機(jī)油濾清器、離心濾清器、各種調(diào)節(jié)閥類和潤滑管路機(jī)油冷卻器等部件組成。

(3) The function of the lubrication system is to provide sufficient oil to the friction surfaces of the diesel engine to reduce wear and ensure its normal operation. At the same time, it also has functions such as heat dissipation, cleaning, sealing, and corrosion prevention. The lubrication system mainly consists of components such as oil pump, oil filter, centrifugal filter, various regulating valves, and lubrication pipeline oil cooler.

（4）冷卻系統(tǒng) 冷卻系統(tǒng)主要作用是通過冷卻介質(zhì)將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)因燃燒和摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量帶出，保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在合理的溫度范圍內(nèi)工作。根據(jù)冷卻介質(zhì)的不同可分為水冷式和風(fēng)冷式。 水冷式分為自然循環(huán)冷卻和強(qiáng)制循環(huán)冷卻，強(qiáng)制循環(huán)冷卻中可分為開式和閉式。在開式強(qiáng)制循環(huán)冷卻系統(tǒng)中，冷卻介質(zhì)直接與大氣相通。而在閉式強(qiáng)制循環(huán)冷卻系統(tǒng)中，冷卻介質(zhì)不與外界大氣直接相通，冷卻介質(zhì)在密閉的系統(tǒng)內(nèi)循環(huán)，冷卻系統(tǒng)的壓力略高于大氣壓力，冷卻介質(zhì)的沸點(diǎn)可以高于攝氏100度以上。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)可以提高柴油機(jī)的進(jìn)、出水口水溫，使冷卻水溫差小，能穩(wěn)定柴油機(jī)工作溫度和提高其經(jīng)濟(jì)性，還能提高散熱器的平均溫度，從而縮小散熱面積，減少水的消耗，并縮短機(jī)油的預(yù)熱時(shí)間。冷卻系統(tǒng)的主要組成部件為散熱器、冷卻風(fēng)扇、冷卻水泵、冷卻強(qiáng)度調(diào)節(jié)器、冷卻防凍液等。

(4) The main function of the cooling system is to carry out the heat generated by combustion and friction during engine operation through the cooling medium, ensuring that the engine operates within the most reasonable temperature range. According to the different cooling media, it can be divided into water-cooled and air-cooled. Water cooled cooling can be divided into natural circulation cooling and forced circulation cooling, while forced circulation cooling can be divided into open and closed types. In an open forced circulation cooling system, the cooling medium is directly connected to the atmosphere. In a closed forced circulation cooling system, the cooling medium is not directly connected to the external atmosphere. The cooling medium circulates in a closed system, and the pressure of the cooling system is slightly higher than the atmospheric pressure. The boiling point of the cooling medium can be above 100 degrees Celsius. Its advantages can increase the water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the diesel engine, reduce the temperature difference between the cooling water, stabilize the working temperature of the diesel engine and improve its economy. It can also increase the average temperature of the radiator, thereby reducing the heat dissipation area, reducing water consumption, and shortening the preheating time of the engine oil. The main components of the cooling system are radiators, cooling fans, cooling water pumps, cooling intensity regulators, cooling antifreeze, etc.

（5）啟動(dòng)充電系統(tǒng) 柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)借助外力由靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)轉(zhuǎn)入工作狀態(tài)的全過程稱為柴油機(jī)的啟動(dòng)過程。完成啟動(dòng)過程所需的裝置稱為啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。它的作用是提供啟動(dòng)能量，驅(qū)動(dòng)曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)并達(dá)到啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)速（一般為150-300r/min)，可靠地實(shí)現(xiàn)柴油機(jī)啟動(dòng)。

(5) The entire process of starting a diesel engine from a stationary state to a working state with the help of external forces is called the starting process of a diesel engine. The device required to complete the startup process is called the startup system. Its function is to provide starting energy, drive the crankshaft to rotate and reach the starting speed (usually 150-300r/min), and reliably achieve diesel engine starting.

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